As scientists we always have to apply for funding. So we will write a proposal for some new science that we want to do. We send these off to the national science research councils. They assess the applications and choose the best, and these get the funding. Usually only the top 20% or so of proposals get funded, so it’s very competitive to come up with the most exciting new proposal.
My PhD is funded in the way that James V describes, by firstly my supervisor competing for and getting the funding to have a PhD student, and then by me competing with other people who wanted to do the project! But getting funding in science is very hard work and very competative!
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